Time-dependent mechanical behavior of tough hydrogels under multiaxial stretching

Understanding the time-dependent mechanical behavior of tough and viscoelastic hydrogels under complex external loading is crucial. In this study, we utilized synthesized through copolymerization methacrylic acid methacrylamide as a model system to investigate their multiaxial stretching across wide range strain rates. Three modes examined were uniaxial, pure shear, equal biaxial stretching. Our findings show that stretching, exhibit higher properties energy dissipation compared uniaxial shear owing greater contribution hydrogen bonds in former mode. Additionally, employing time-elongation separability method during process, observed relaxation dynamic only depends on time, independent elongation ratio modes. We anticipate study will yield valuable contributions design durable load-bearing soft materials, particularly dealing with deformation rate responses.